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Pathology · single question

Smokeless tobacco use is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

  1. Cardiovascular disease
  2. Gingival recession
  3. Hyperkeratosis
  4. Liver disease
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Correct answer: D. Liver disease

  • A. Smokeless tobacco is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk (nicotine effects).
  • B. Smokeless tobacco causes localized gingival recession at the site of placement.
  • C. Smokeless tobacco causes localized hyperkeratosis (tobacco pouch keratosis) at the site of placement.
  • D. Correct (the exception). Liver disease is not a recognized direct consequence of smokeless tobacco use.

Note: Hepatitis B is mentioned elsewhere in this context regarding transmission precautions, but is unrelated to smokeless tobacco's direct effects.

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