Which of the following pathogens is most associated with spread via the blood-borne route?

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the classic blood-borne pathogen, transmitted through contact with infected blood, sexual contact, and from mother to child at birth. In the dental setting, HBV is the primary blood-borne concern due to its high transmissibility and stability outside the body. Measles, mumps, and influenza are all transmitted via the airborne/droplet route — respiratory spread, not blood-borne. HCV and HIV are also blood-borne but have lower transmission rates than HBV per needlestick exposure.