What is the primary mechanism of action of ibuprofen?

Ibuprofen is a non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that reversibly inhibits both cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for converting arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and thromboxanes. By inhibiting COX enzymes, ibuprofen reduces the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, resulting in analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. COX-1 inhibition also reduces thromboxane A2 production, which mildly impairs platelet aggregation — an important consideration in dental patients.