In a study on vitamin C and periodontitis, Parameter D shows an odds ratio (OR) of 1.8 with a 95% confidence interval of 3.5–3.9 and p<0.01. How should this result be interpreted?

Correct answer: B. Weak association, statistically significant

• A. OR = 1.8 is indeed weak, but the result IS statistically significant per both p-value and CI.
• B. CORRECT. OR = 1.8 indicates a WEAK association (OR close to 1.0 = no association; OR >3 = strong). However, the p-value <0.01 confirms statistical significance (p<0.05). Therefore: WEAK association (OR 1.8) that IS statistically significant. Note: The CI of 3.5–3.9 does NOT include 1.0, which also confirms statistical significance.
• C. The p-value <0.01 and CI not including 1.0 both confirm statistical significance — it IS significant.
• D. OR = 1.8 is not a strong association — strong associations have ORs >3. The association is real but modest.