Periodontics · single question
Gingival enlargement is provoked by which of the following?
Show answer and explanation
Correct answer: C. Mouth breathing
Mouth breathing (C) causes gingival enlargement (hyperplasia) primarily in the anterior maxillary region. The mechanism: chronic desiccation of the gingiva → reduced saliva protection → increased plaque accumulation + chronic low-grade inflammation → reactive fibrous hyperplasia. The gingiva appears edematous, enlarged, and erythematous (often described as 'fiery red').
• Drug-induced gingival enlargement: caused by Phenytoin (seizures), Cyclosporine (immunosuppressant), Calcium channel blockers (Nifedipine, Amlodipine). NOT acetaminophen.
• GERD (A): causes dental erosion, NOT gingival enlargement.
• Other causes: pregnancy (hormonal), leukemia (most important systemic cause — gingival infiltration by leukemic cells), Hereditary gingival fibromatosis.
• Drug-induced gingival enlargement: caused by Phenytoin (seizures), Cyclosporine (immunosuppressant), Calcium channel blockers (Nifedipine, Amlodipine). NOT acetaminophen.
• GERD (A): causes dental erosion, NOT gingival enlargement.
• Other causes: pregnancy (hormonal), leukemia (most important systemic cause — gingival infiltration by leukemic cells), Hereditary gingival fibromatosis.