A dentist refuses to treat a patient because of the patient's gender identity. Which ethical principle has been violated?

Correct answer: C. Justice

• A. Incorrect. Beneficence is the duty to act for the patient's benefit; the failure here is one of fairness and access, not of therapeutic intent.
• B. Incorrect. Autonomy is respect for the patient's self-determination in treatment decisions.
• C. Correct. Justice is the principle of fairness — treating people equitably and without discrimination in the delivery of care. Refusing care on the basis of a protected characteristic is a direct violation.
• D. Incorrect. Veracity is truthfulness; no deception has occurred.