Anatomy & Histology · single question
Which muscle is primarily responsible for PROTRUDING the tongue?
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Correct answer: C. Genioglossus
The genioglossus is the primary tongue protrusor — it pulls the tongue forward and downward. Memory aid: 'The GENIUS sticks out their tongue.' Palatoglossus elevates the tongue/depresses soft palate. Hyoglossus depresses the tongue. Styloglossus retracts and elevates the tongue. CN XII (hypoglossal nerve) innervates all intrinsic and most extrinsic tongue muscles.
- A. Palatoglossus elevates the posterior tongue and helps close the oropharyngeal isthmus.
- B. Hyoglossus depresses and retracts the tongue.
- C. CORRECT. GENIOGLOSSUS arises from the genial tubercles of the mandible and fans posteriorly; its contraction pushes the tongue forward out of the mouth. It is the major protruder and is the muscle tested clinically for hypoglossal (CN XII) function. Unilateral CN XII lesion causes the tongue to deviate TOWARD the damaged side because the intact genioglossus pushes unopposed. It is also the muscle that maintains upper airway patency — its loss of tone underlies obstructive sleep apnea.
- D. Styloglossus retracts and elevates.
Note: 'Lick your GENIes' — genioglossus sticks the tongue out.
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