Medical Emergencies · single question

A patient taking a large dose of levothyroxine presents with exophthalmos, irritability, heat intolerance, and tachycardia. What is the MOST likely explanation?

  1. Hypothyroidism from levothyroxine underdosing
  2. Iatrogenic hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) from levothyroxine overdose
  3. Graves' ophthalmopathy as a primary autoimmune condition
  4. Addison's disease
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Correct answer: B. Iatrogenic hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) from levothyroxine overdose

Excessive levothyroxine (T4) intake causes iatrogenic hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis). Signs include: exophthalmos (in Graves'), irritability, nervousness, heat intolerance, tachycardia, tremors, weight loss, and sweating. Exophthalmos specifically is associated with Graves' disease (autoimmune thyrotoxicosis) due to TSH receptor antibodies stimulating retro-orbital tissue. However, in an over-medicated patient, the excess thyroid hormone mimics all hyperthyroid symptoms. The excess T4 suppresses TSH.

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