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Pathology · single question

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Tetralogy of Fallot?

  1. Maternal iron deficiency
  2. Maternal alcohol consumption
  3. Maternal folic acid supplementation
  4. Maternal smoking
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Correct answer: C. Maternal folic acid supplementation

  • A. Maternal iron deficiency (and anemia) during pregnancy has been associated with increased risk of congenital heart defects.
  • B. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy (fetal alcohol syndrome) is a risk factor for congenital heart defects including Tetralogy of Fallot.
  • C. Maternal FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION is PROTECTIVE, not a risk factor. Adequate folate reduces the risk of neural tube defects AND congenital heart defects. Folic acid supplementation is therefore NOT a risk factor — this is the correct EXCEPTION.
  • D. Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of congenital heart defects, including Tetralogy of Fallot.

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