Which muscle(s) closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing?

VELOPHARYNGEAL CLOSURE (closing off nasopharynx during swallowing/speech) is achieved primarily by the LEVATOR VELI PALATINI, which elevates the soft palate to contact the posterior pharyngeal wall. The tensor veli palatini TENSES (stiffens) the palate and opens the Eustachian tube but doesn't primarily elevate it for closure. Palatopharyngeus LOWERS the soft palate. Superior pharyngeal constrictor assists but doesn't primarily close nasopharynx. Levator veli palatini is the primary nasopharyngeal closure muscle. D is correct.