Which component of dental amalgam is the primary source of toxicological concern and occupational exposure risk during placement and removal?

Dental amalgam is an alloy comprising approximately 50% mercury by weight, along with silver, tin, copper, and zinc. Mercury in its elemental form is liquid at room temperature and produces mercury vapor during amalgam manipulation (mixing, placement, polishing, and removal). Mercury vapor is the primary occupational hazard for dental personnel — it is absorbed through the lungs and can accumulate in the central nervous system and kidneys. OSHA establishes occupational exposure limits for mercury vapor. Dental offices must use amalgam separators, proper ventilation, high-volume evacuation, and personal protective equipment during amalgam procedures. Silver, tin, and copper are non-toxic at the concentrations present in amalgam.