Biostatistics & Research · single question
Cross-sectional and longitudinal observational studies primarily measure:
Show answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. Association
Observational studies show association; they cannot prove causation by themselves.
- A. Only experimental designs establish causation; observational designs do not prove cause directly.
- B. Correct. Observational designs identify associations/correlations (cross-sectional = prevalence; cohort = incidence), not proof of cause.
- C. Causation cannot be established from observation alone.
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