A study evaluates the relationship between Vitamin A deficiency and periodontitis, reporting: OR = 1.8, CI = 1.5–7.5, p < 0.0001. How should this be interpreted?

Correct answer: A. Weak association, statistically significant

• A. OR = 1.8 is a WEAK association (not strongly elevated; compare: OR >5 = strong). However, the CI (1.5–7.5) does not cross 1, and p < 0.0001 confirms STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE. Therefore: weak association, statistically significant. ✓
• B. The result IS statistically significant — 'not statistically significant' is incorrect.
• C. The association IS statistically significant (p < 0.0001, CI does not cross 1) — so 'not significant' is incorrect.
• D. An OR of 1.8 suggests an 80% increased odds — this is a WEAK to moderate association (OR >3–4 = strong). Despite the statistical significance, the magnitude of effect is modest.