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Oral Surgery · single question

A female patient on estradiol hormone therapy with a 2-pack-year smoking history experiences early dental implant failure. Which factor is most directly implicated as the primary contributor, based on the case details given?

  1. Smoking (a well-established, strong, independent risk factor for impaired healing and implant failure)
  2. Estradiol therapy itself
  3. Her sex alone
  4. Her age alone
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Correct answer: A. Smoking (a well-established, strong, independent risk factor for impaired healing and implant failure)

Smoking is one of the most well-established, strongly evidenced risk factors for dental implant failure, impairing blood supply and wound healing and increasing peri-implantitis risk — and it's specifically called out in this case's history, making it the most directly implicated contributor among the choices given, more so than estrogen therapy or demographic factors alone.

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